Chemistry | Class 12
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- The Scientific Approach in Chemistry
- Agricultural Water Pollutants
- The Scientific Approach in Chemistry
Chapter 1 Ethics and Values in Chemistry ( 4 videos)
1.1: Cognitive Biases and Fallacies
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1.2: Ethical Considerations in the Production and Use of Chemical Substances
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1.3: Deconstructing the Structure of a Scientific Argument
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- Oxidation State
- Reduction and Oxidation at the Same Time
- Oxidizing and Reducing Agents
- Galvanic Cell and its construction
- Working of the Cell
- Standard Hydrogen Electrode
- Measurement of Electrode Potential
- Electrode Potential
- Calculation of the Voltage or emf of Cells
- Electrochemical Series
- Relative Chemical Reactivity of Metals
- Electrolytic cells
- Construction of an Electrolytic cell
- Working of Electrolytic cell
- Electrochemical Series
- Electrolysis of Fused Salts
- Manufacture of NaOH from Brine
- Electrolysis of Aqueous Solution of Salts
- Faraday's First Law of Electrolysis
- Avogadro's Number
- Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
Chapter 2 Electrochemistry ( 28 videos)
2.1: Oxidation-Reduction Concepts
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2.2: Balancing of Equations
2.3: Oxidizing and Reducing Agents
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2.4: Electrode, Electrode Potential and Electrochemical Series
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2.5: Nernst Equation
2.6: Electrochemical Series
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2.7: The Relative Reactivity of Species as Oxidizing Agents or Reducing Agents
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2.8: Types of Electro-Chemical Cells
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2.9: Relation Between the Faraday Constant, Avogadro Constant, and the Change on the Electron
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2.10: Experimental Determination of Avogadro Constant By Electrolytic Method
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2.11: Winkler Method for Biological Oxygen Demand
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- Concentration and Strength
- Strong Acids
- Weak Acids
- Dissociation of Acids
- Ionization Constants of Acids
- Dissociation of Bases
- Ionization Constant of Bases
- pKa and pKb
- Buffer Solutions
- Buffer Action
- Calculation of pH of a Buffer
- More on Calculation of pH of a Buffer
- Solubility Product
- Common Ion Effect
- Some Examples of Common Ion Effect
- Distribution Law
Chapter 3 Chemical Equilibria ( 19 videos)
3.1: Strength of Acids and Bases
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3.2: Buffer Solutions and their Applications
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3.3: Solubility Product and Precipitation Reactions
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3.4: Common Ion Effect
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3.5: The Partition Coefficient
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- Introduction to Acids and Bases
- pH, pOH and pKw
- Importance of pH
- The Ion Product of Water
- More on Ion Product of Water
- pH, pOH and pKw
- Calculating pH
- Calculating pOH
- Acid-Base Titration
Chapter 4 Acid-base Chemistry ( 9 videos)
4.1: The pH
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4.2: The pH Scale
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4.3: Ionic Product of Water and Calculation of pH and pOH
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4.4: pH Titration Curves
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- Chemical Properties of Metals
- Electropositive Character of Metals
- Electropositivity and Ionization Energy
- Uses of Calcium and Magnesium
- Nitrates of Metals
- Action of Heat on Metal Carbonates
- Concentration of Ore
- Roasting
- Smelting
- Bassemerization Or Reduction
- Refining
Chapter 5 Group 2 Elements ( 20 videos)
5.1: General Trends of Physical Properties and Chemical Reactivity of Group 2 Elements
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5.2: Trends in Chemical Reactivity with Oxygen, Water and Dilute Acids
5.3: Comparison of Reactivity of Group 1 and Group 2 Elements
5.4: Uses of Group 2 Compounds
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5.5: Trends in Solubility of Group 2 Hydroxides and Sulphates
5.6: Complexes of The Alkaline Earth Metals
5.7: Extraction and Purification Process of Group Elements and their Compounds
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- Introduction to the Transition Elements
- Transition Metals
- Paramagnetism of Transition Elements
- More Characteristics of Transition Elements
- Oxidation State of Transition Elements
- Catalytic Properties of Transition elements
- Components of Complex Compounds
- Complex Compounds
- Components of Complex Compounds
- More on Components of Complex Compounds
- Chelates
- Nomenclature of Complex Compounds
- More on Nomenclature of Complex Compounds
- More Characteristics of Transition Elements
- Geometry of Complexes
- Oxidation states of Copper
- Reactions of Hexaaqua Copper (II) Ions
- Cis-trans Isomerism or Geometrical Isomerism
- Optical Isomerism
Chapter 6 The Transition Metals ( 25 videos)
6.1: Electron Configuration of the d-block Elements
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6.2: Properties of Transition Elements
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6.3: Formation of Complex Compounds
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6.4: Ligand Substitution Reactions
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6.5: Redox Reactions
6.6: Stereoisomerism in Coordination Compounds
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- Isomerism
- Cis-trans Isomerism or Geometrical Isomerism
- Optical Isomerism
Chapter 7 Organic Chemistry ( 4 videos)
7.1: Isomerism
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7.2: Chirality and Preparation of Drugs
- Introduction to Hydrocarbons
- Nomenclature of Monosubstituted Benzene
- Nomenclature of Disubstituted Benzene
- Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
- Benzene,Molecular Formula
- X-Ray Studies of benzene Structure
- The Stability of Benzene
- Resonance
- Reactivity of Benzene Towards Electrophiles
- Halogenation of Benzene
- Halogenation of Alkyl benzene
- Nitration of Benzene
- Sulphonation of Benzene
- Friedel-Crafts Reaction, Alkylation
- Friedel-Crafts Reaction, Acylation
- Reduction of Benzene
- Catalytic Oxidation of Benzene
- ortho and para Directing Groups
- Meta-Directing Groups
Chapter 8 Hydrocarbons ( 20 videos)
8.1: Nomenclature of Benzene
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8.2: The Structure of Benzene
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8.3: Reactivity of Benzene
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8.4: Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution in Substituted Arenes
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- Introduction to Alkyl Halides
- Halogenation of Benzene
- Halogenation of Alkyl benzene
- Reactivity of Alkyl Halides
- ortho and para Directing Groups
- Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions
- Nucleophilic Substitution Unimolecular(SN1)
- Nucleophilic Substitution Bimolecular(SN2)
- Test for Halide Ions
- Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions
Chapter 9 Halogenoalkanes ( 13 videos)
9.1: Preparation of Halogenoarenes
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9.2: Reactivity of Halogenoalkanes
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9.3: Reactions of Halogenoalkanes or Alkyl Halides
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9.4: Elimination Reactions
9.5: Test to Assess the Reactivity of Haloalkanes
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9.6: Alkyl Halides and Retrosynthesis
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- Acidic Behaviour of Phenol
- Role of Water For Acidity
- Reactions of Phenol Due to -OH Group
- Nitration of Phenol
- Halogenation & Hydrogenation of Phenol
- Reactions of Phenol Due to -OH Group
- Nitration of Phenol
- Halogenation & Hydrogenation of Phenol
Chapter 10 Hydroxy Compounds ( 12 videos)
10.1: Preparation of Esters
10.2: Preparation of Phenol
10.3: Acidity of Water, Phenol and Ethanol
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10.4: Reactions of Phenol
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10.5: Reactions of Naphthols
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- Structure of Carboxylic acid
- Esterification
- Formation of Acid Anhydride
- Side Chain Oxidation of Alkyl Benzene
- Detection of Aldehyde and Ketones
- Fehling's Solution Test
Chapter 11 Carbonyl Compounds ( 17 videos)
11.1: Acidity
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11.2: Preparation of Benzoic Acids
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11.3: Reactivity
11.4: Reactions of Carboxylic Acids
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11.5: Reactions of Acyl Chlorides
- Amines and its Nomenclature
- Preparation of Amines
- Reaction of Alkyl halides With KCN & KOH
- Reactions of Nitriles
- Halogenation & Hydrogenation of Phenol
- Preparation of Diazonium Salts
Chapter 12 Nitrogen Compounds ( 13 videos)
12.1: Preparation of Amines
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12.2: Basicity of Amines
12.3: Formation of Nitriles
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12.4: Hydrolysis of Nitriles
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12.5: Phenylamine and Azo Compounds
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12.6: Reactions of Benzene Diazonium Chloride
12.7: Preparation of Amides
12.8: Amino Acids
- Natural and Synthetic Polymers
- Types of Polymers
- Addition Polymerisation
- Polymerisation of Alkenes
- Condensation Polymerisation
- More on Condensation Polymerisation
- Nylon
- Peptides and Proteins
- Terylene
- Disadvantages of Using Plastics
- Structure of Polymers
- Condensation Polymerisation
Chapter 13 Polymers ( 16 videos)
13.1: Synthetic Polymers
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13.2: Classification of Polymers
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13.3: Biodegradable and Non-biodegradable Polymers
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13.4: Polymer Hydrolysis
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13.5: Artificial Organs
13.6: Importance of Chemical Industries
Chapter 14 Organic Synthesis ( 1 videos)
14.1: Influence of Artificial Intelligence on Pharmaceutical Research
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14.2: Case Study:Hallicin
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14.3: Advantages of AI in Drug Development
- Carbohydrates
- Functions of Carbohydrates
- Oligosaccharides
- Disaccharides
- Polysaccharides
- Protein
- Classification of Proteins
- More on Classification of Proteins
- Uses of Protein
- Function of Protein
- Enzymes
- Uses of Enzymes
- Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
- Inhibitors
- Lipids
- Classification of Lipids
- Classification of Lipids
- Uses of Lipids
- Chemical Nature of Hormone
- Diabetes
- Nucleic Acids
- Ribonucleic Acids
- Deoxyribonucleic Acid
- Comparison of DNA and RNA
- Advance (Watson and Crick's Model)
- Minerals
Chapter 15 Biochemistry ( 34 videos)
15.1: Carbohydrates
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15.2: Proteins
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15.3: Precipitation of Milk Proteins
15.4: Enzymes
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15.5: Lipids
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15.6: Cholesterol as a Hormone Precursor
15.7: Amino Acids as Hormone Components
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15.8: Insulin
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15.9: Hibernation
15.10: Nucleic Acids
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15.11: Minerals of Biological Significance
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- Biochemistry and Analytical Chemistry
- Errors and Uncertainty in Measurement
- Errors and Uncertainty in Measurement
- Introduction to Graph
- Graphical Explanation of Boyle's Law
Chapter 16 Empirical Data Collection and Analysis ( 8 videos)
16.1: Types of Data
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16.2: Types of Errors
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16.3: Repeat Trials and the Elimination of Errors
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16.4: Graphical Techniques and Data Variables
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16.5: Sketched Graphs
- More on Determination of Ar of Isotopes
- Relative Atomic Mass and Atomic Mass Unit
- Average Atomic Masses
- Calculating the Average Atomic Mass
- Molecular Mass
- More on Determination of Ar of Isotopes
Chapter 17 Qualitative Analysis (Mass Spectrometry) ( 9 videos)
17.1: How to Analyse a Number of Isotopes and their Relative Abundances of Isotopes?
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17.2: Calculation of Relative Atomic Masses
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17.3: Determination of Molecular Mass by Molecular Ion Peak
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17.4: Identification of a Molecule by Fragmentation Pattern
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17.5: Deduction of C-number in a Molecule
17.6: Deduction of the Presence of Chlorine and Bromine in a Molecule
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- Instrumental Methods of Analysis
- Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy
- More on Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy
- Position of Signals (Chemical shift)
- Ultraviolet and Visible Spectrophotometry
- Atomic Emission Spectrum
- Atomic Absorption Spectrum
- Position of Signals (Chemical shift)
Chapter 18 Spectroscopy ( 11 videos)
18.1: Spectroscopic Techniques
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18.2: Index of Hydrogen Deficiency or Unsaturation
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18.3: IR Spectroscopy
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18.4: UV-Visible Spectroscopy
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18.5: Atomic Emission Spectroscopy
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18.6: Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
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18.7: Nuclear Magnetic Spectroscopy (NMR)
18.8: 1H NMR (Proton NMR)
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18.9: Carbon-13 NMR
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- Chromatography
Chapter 19 Chromatography ( 8 videos)
19.1: Main Components of Chromatography
19.2: Thin Layer Chromatography
19.3: Interpretation of Rf Value
19.4: Selection of Mobile and Stationary Phase
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19.5: Use of Mass Spectrometry in Forensic Analysis
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- Matter
- Physical Properties of Matter
- Intoduction to Alloys
- Plastic And Its Manufacturing
- Steel Alloys
- Concentration of Ore
- Roasting
- Smelting
- Bassemerization Or Reduction
- Refining
- Metallurgy of Copper
- Intoduction to Alloys
- Catalysts
Chapter 20 Materials ( 17 videos)
20.1: Material
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20.2: Extracting Materials from Ores and Alloys
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20.3: Mechanism of Catalysts
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20.4: Challenges Associated with Recycling
20.5: X-Ray Crystallographic Analysis
- Viruses, Size, Shape and Characteristics
- Characteristics of Virus
Chapter 21 Medicine ( 11 videos)
21.1: Therapeutic Index
21.2: Mechanism of Drug Action
21.3: pH Regulation in the Stomach
21.4: Non- Specific Reactions and Active Metabolites
21.5: Viral Infections and their Treatment
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21.6: Concept of Antiviral Drugs
- Manufacture of Fertilisers
- Chemical and Biological control of Pests
- Chemical and Biological control of Pests
- Effect of Global Warming
Chapter 22 Agriculture ( 11 videos)
22.1: Fertilizer
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22.2: Composition of Fertilizers
22.3: Pesticides
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22.4: Benefits and Risks of Pesticides
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22.5: Acid Rain
22.6: Genetic Engineering
22.7: Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture
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- Introduction to Chemical Industries
- Introduction to Chemical Industries
- Macromolecules
- Smelting
- Bassemerization Or Reduction
- Advantages of Solvay process
- Introduction to Chemical Industries
- Petrochemicals
Chapter 23 Industry ( 14 videos)
23.1: Raw Materials and their Sources for Chemical Industry
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23.2: Chemical Raw Materials in Pakistan
23.3: Safety Measures and Precautions in Chemical Industry
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23.4: Important Chemical Processes
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23.5: Applications of Industrial Chemistry
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23.6: Industrial Chemistry in Food Production
